FUSE Introductory Tutorial
Download this tutorial from the FuseExamples repository
Basic concepts
To make sense of this tutorial, you'll need to know the following organization concepts of FUSE:
- 📂 Data storage: All data is stored in the
ddstructure, which follows the ITER IMAS ontology. - 🧠 Actors: The core components of FUSE simulations are physics and engineering actors.
- 🕹️ Control: Actor functionality is governed by
actparameters. - 🚀 Initialization: The data structure can be initialized from 0D
iniparameters. - 🔧 Use cases: FUSE includes templates for various machines (e.g., FPP, ITER, ARC).
- 🔄 Workflows: Self-contained studies and optimizations are conducted via workflows, typically involving multiple FUSE simulations.
- 🌍 Interoperability: FUSE interfaces with existing modeling tools like OMFIT/OMAS and the IMAS ecosystem.
A diagram illustrating these concepts is provided below: 
Let's get started!
NOTE: Julia is a Just In Time (JIT) programming language. The first time something is executed it will take longer because of the compilation process. Subsequent calls the the same code will be blazingly fast.
Import the necessary packages
using Plots # for plotting
using FUSE # this will also import IMAS in the current namespaceStarting from a use-case
FUSE comes with some predefined use-cases, some of which are used for regression testing.
Note that some use cases are for non-nuclear experiments and certain Actors like Blankets or BalanceOfPlant will not perform any actions.
Here's the list of supported use-cases. These can be customized and you will also be able to build your own.
methods(FUSE.case_parameters)- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:MASTU}}; init_from) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/MASTU.jl:5
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:UNIT}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/UNIT.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:JET}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/JET.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:ITER}}; init_from, boundary_from, ne_setting, time_dependent) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/ITER.jl:11
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:baby_MANTA}}; flux_matcher) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/baby_MANTA.jl:4
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:NSTX}}; init_from) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/NSTX.jl:5
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:STEP}}; init_from, pf_from) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/STEP.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:CAT}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/CAT.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:SPARC}}; init_from, flux_matcher) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/SPARC.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:D3D}}, scenario::Symbol) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/D3D.jl:308
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:D3D}}, shot::Int64; new_impurity_match_power_rad, fit_profiles, EFIT_tree, PROFILES_tree, CER_analysis_type, omega_user, omega_omfit_root, omega_omas_root, use_local_cache) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/D3D.jl:16
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:D3D}}, dd::IMASdd.dd) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/D3D.jl:287
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:D3D}}, ods_file::AbstractString) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/D3D.jl:270
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:EXCITE}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/EXCITE.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:KDEMO_compact}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/KDEMO.jl:96
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:FIRST}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/FIRST.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:MANTA}}; flux_matcher) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/MANTA.jl:10
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:FPP}}; flux_matcher) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/FPP.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:ARC}}; flux_matcher) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/ARC.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:D3D_machine}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/D3D.jl:364
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:DTT}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/DTT.jl:6
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:HDB5}}; tokamak, case, database_case, shot, verbose) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/HDB5.jl:9
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:KDEMO}}) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/KDEMO.jl:4
- case_parameters(::Type{Val{:KSTAR}}; init_from) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/KSTAR.jl:5
- case_parameters(case::Symbol, args...; kw...) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/_cases.jl:36
- case_parameters(data_row::DataFrames.DataFrameRow; verbose) in FUSE at /home/runner/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/cases/HDB5.jl:18
Get initial parameters (ini) and actions (act) for a given use-case, let's use KDEMO for example
ini, act = FUSE.case_parameters(:KDEMO);The ini data structure contains 0D parameters that will be used to bootstrap the dd with plausible data.
The ini parameters can be modified.
ini.equilibrium.B0 = 7.8
ini.equilibrium.R0 = 6.5;The act data structure contains parameters that define how the actors (ie the models) will behave.
The act parameters can also be modified.
act.ActorCoreTransport.model = :FluxMatcher;ini and act can now be used to initialize the data dictionary (dd) using the 0D parameters.
NOTE: init() does not return a self-consistent solution, just a plausible starting point to initialize our simulations!
dd = IMAS.dd() # an empty dd
FUSE.init(dd, ini, act);actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: CXbuild
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: PassiveStructuresLet's see what we got
plot(dd.build)
plot(dd.equilibrium)
plot(dd.core_profiles)
plot(dd.core_sources)
We can @checkin and @checkout variables with an associated tag.
This is handy to save and restore (checkpoint) our progress without having to always start from scratch (we'll use this later).
@checkin :init dd ini actRunning Actors
Let's now run a series of actors and play around with plotting to get a sense of what each individual actor does.
Here's how we can restore things back to after the initialization stage (in case we did anything else in between)
@checkout :init dd ini actActors in FUSE can be executed by passing two arguments to them: dd and act.
Let's start by positioning the PF coils, so that we stand a chance to reproduce the desired plasma shape. This will be important to ensure the stability of the ActorStationaryPlasma that we are going to run next.
FUSE.ActorPFdesign(dd, act; do_plot=true); # instead of setting `act.ActorPFdesign.do_plot=true` we can just pass `do_plot=true` as argument without chaning `act`actors: PFdesignThe ActorStationaryPlasma iterates between plasma transport, pedestal, equilibrium and sources to return a self-consistent plasma solution
peq = plot(dd.equilibrium; label="before")
pcp = plot(dd.core_profiles; color=:gray, label="before")
#act.ActorFluxMatcher.verbose = true
act.ActorFluxMatcher.algorithm = :anderson
#act.ActorFluxMatcher.step_size = 0.1
FUSE.ActorStationaryPlasma(dd, act);actors: StationaryPlasma
actors: --------------- 1/5
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 1/5 @ 597.73%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 2/5 @ 557.90%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 3/5 @ 205.22%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 4/5 @ 162.31%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 5/5 @ 109.95%
┌ Warning: Max number of iterations (5) has been reached with convergence error of (1)[0.299, 0.279, 0.103, 0.081, 0.055](5) compared to threshold of 0.05
└ @ FUSE ~/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/actors/compound/stationary_plasma_actor.jl:207we can compare equilibrium before and after the self-consistency loop
plot!(peq, dd.equilibrium; label="after")
we can compare core_profiles before and after the self-consistency loop
plot!(pcp, dd.core_profiles; label="after")
here are the sources
plot(dd.core_sources)
and the flux-matched transport
plot(dd.core_transport)
HFS sizing actor changes the thickness of the OH and TF layers on the high field side to satisfy current and stresses constraints
plot(dd.build)
FUSE.ActorHFSsizing(dd, act);
plot!(dd.build; cx=false)
The stresses on the center stack are stored in the solid_mechanics IDS
plot(dd.solid_mechanics.center_stack.stress)
LFS sizing actors change location of the outer TF leg to meet ripple requirements
plot(dd.build)
FUSE.ActorLFSsizing(dd, act);
plot!(dd.build; cx=false)
A custom show() method is defined to print the summary of dd.build.layer
dd.build.layer23×10 DataFrame
Row │ group details type ΔR R_start R_end material area volume shape
│ String String String Float64 Float64 Float64 String Float64 Float64 String
─────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 │ in 1.31272 0.0 1.31272 steel 20.0726 98.9942 rectangle
2 │ in oh 0.304762 1.31272 1.61748 nb3sn 6.9632 80.5952 rectangle
3 │ hfs tf 1.68046 1.61748 3.29794 nb3sn_kdemo 42.9246 889.465 convex hull
4 │ hfs gap tf vacuum vessel 0.0 3.29794 3.29794 vacuum 7.46559 490.871 double ellipse
5 │ hfs vacuum outer vessel 0.0982993 3.29794 3.39624 steel 3.06115 124.717 negative offset
6 │ hfs gap water 0.147449 3.39624 3.54369 water 4.47786 182.552 negative offset
7 │ hfs vacuum inner vessel 0.0982993 3.54369 3.64199 steel 2.90933 118.686 negative offset
8 │ hfs gap high temp shield vacuum vess… 0.00982993 3.64199 3.65182 vacuum 0.287593 11.7359 negative offset
9 │ hfs high temp shield 0.196599 3.65182 3.84842 steel 5.62432 229.652 negative offset
10 │ hfs blanket 0.373538 3.84842 4.22196 lithium_lead 20.8557 951.46 negative offset
11 │ hfs first wall 0.0196599 4.22196 4.24162 tungsten 1.02635 34.1644 offset
12 │ lhfs plasma 4.51651 4.24162 8.75812 plasma 32.1335 1252.4
13 │ lfs first wall 0.0196599 8.75812 8.77778 tungsten 1.02635 34.1644 offset
14 │ lfs blanket 1.17959 8.77778 9.95738 lithium_lead 20.8557 951.46 negative offset
15 │ lfs high temp shield 0.196599 9.95738 10.154 steel 5.62432 229.652 negative offset
16 │ lfs gap high temp shield vacuum vess… 0.0442026 10.154 10.1982 vacuum 0.287593 11.7359 negative offset
17 │ lfs vacuum inner vessel 0.0982993 10.1982 10.2965 steel 2.90933 118.686 negative offset
18 │ lfs gap water 0.147449 10.2965 10.4439 water 4.47786 182.552 negative offset
19 │ lfs vacuum outer vessel 0.0982993 10.4439 10.5422 steel 3.06115 124.717 negative offset
20 │ lfs gap tf vacuum vessel 0.775582 10.5422 11.3178 vacuum 7.46559 490.871 double ellipse
21 │ lfs tf 1.68046 11.3178 12.9983 nb3sn_kdemo 42.9246 889.465 convex hull
22 │ out 1.96599 0.0 14.9643 vacuum 164.187 8377.39
23 │ out cryostat 0.0982993 0.0 15.0626 steel 4.86738 309.732 siloActorHFSsizing and ActorLFSsizing only change the layer's thicknesses, so we then need to trigger a build of the 2D cross-sections after them:
FUSE.ActorCXbuild(dd, act);
plot(dd.build)
Generate passive structures information (for now the vacuum vessel)
FUSE.ActorPassiveStructures(dd, act)
plot(dd.pf_passive)
We can now give the PF coils their final position given the new build
actor = FUSE.ActorPFdesign(dd, act);
plot(actor) # some actors define their own plot
With information about both pfactive and pfpassive we can now evaluate vertical stability
FUSE.ActorVerticalStability(dd, act)
IMAS.freeze(dd.mhd_linear)mhd_linear [DETACHED]
├─ time ➡ [0] [s]
└─ time_slice
└─ 1
├─ time ➡ 0 [s]
└─ toroidal_mode
├─ 1
│ ├─ n_tor ➡ 0
│ ├─ perturbation_type
│ │ ├─ description ➡ "Vertical stability margin > 0.15 for stability"
│ │ └─ name ➡ "m_s"
│ └─ stability_metric ➡ 0.164401
└─ 2
├─ n_tor ➡ 0
├─ perturbation_type
│ ├─ description ➡ "Normalized vertical growth rate < 10 for stability"
│ └─ name ➡ "γτ"
└─ stability_metric ➡ 7.37118
The ActorNeutronics calculates the heat flux on the first wall
FUSE.ActorNeutronics(dd, act);
p = plot(; layout=2, size=(900, 350))
plot!(p, dd.neutronics.time_slice[].wall_loading, subplot=1)
plot!(p, FUSE.define_neutrons(dd, 100000)[1], dd.equilibrium.time_slice[]; subplot=1, colorbar_entry=false)
plot!(p, dd.neutronics.time_slice[].wall_loading; cx=false, subplot=2, ylabel="")
The ActorBlanket will change the thickess of the first wall, breeder, shield, and Li6 enrichment to achieve target TBR
FUSE.ActorBlanket(dd, act);
print_tree(IMAS.freeze(dd.blanket); maxdepth=5)actors: Blanket
blanket [DETACHED]
├─ module
│ └─ 1
│ ├─ layer
│ │ ├─ 1
│ │ │ ├─ material ➡ "tungsten"
│ │ │ ├─ midplane_thickness ➡ 0.0199576 [m]
│ │ │ └─ name ➡ "lfs first wall"
│ │ ├─ 2
│ │ │ ├─ material ➡ "lithium-lead: Li6/7=90.000%"
│ │ │ ├─ midplane_thickness ➡ 1.27694 [m]
│ │ │ └─ name ➡ "lfs blanket"
│ │ └─ 3
│ │ ├─ material ➡ "steel"
│ │ ├─ midplane_thickness ➡ 0.0989531 [m]
│ │ └─ name ➡ "lfs high temp shield"
│ ├─ name ➡ "blanket"
│ └─ time_slice
│ └─ 1
│ ├─ peak_escape_flux ➡ 194608 [W/m^2]
│ ├─ peak_wall_flux ➡ 885953 [W/m^2]
│ ├─ power_incident_neutrons ➡ 9.68906e+06 [W]
│ ├─ power_incident_radiated ➡ 0 [W]
│ ├─ power_thermal_extracted ➡ 1.16269e+07 [W]
│ ├─ power_thermal_neutrons ➡ 1.16269e+07 [W]
│ ├─ power_thermal_radiated ➡ 0 [W]
│ ├─ time ➡ 0 [s]
│ └─ tritium_breeding_ratio ➡ 1.64335
├─ time ➡ [0] [s]
└─ tritium_breeding_ratio ➡ [0.0733558]The ActorDivertors actor calculates the divertors heat flux
FUSE.ActorDivertors(dd, act);
print_tree(IMAS.freeze(dd.divertors); maxdepth=4)actors: Divertors
divertors [DETACHED]
├─ divertor
│ └─ 1
│ ├─ power_black_body
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_conducted
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [1.19758e+08] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_convected
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_currents
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_incident
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [3.5968e+07] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_neutrals
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_radiated
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_recombination_neutrals
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_recombination_plasma
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ ├─ power_thermal_extracted
│ │ ├─ data ➡ [3.5968e+07] [W]
│ │ └─ time ➡ [0] [s]
│ └─ target
│ ├─ 1
│ │ ⋮
│ │
│ └─ 2
│ ⋮
│
└─ time ➡ [0] [s]The ActorBalanceOfPlant calculates the optimal cooling flow rates for the heat sources (breeder, divertor, and wall) and get an efficiency for the electricity conversion cycle
FUSE.ActorBalanceOfPlant(dd, act);
IMAS.freeze(dd.balance_of_plant)balance_of_plant [DETACHED]
├─ Q_plant ➡ [0.129427]
├─ power_electric_net ➡ [-1.26233e+08] [W]
├─ power_electric_plant_operation
│ ├─ system
│ │ ├─ 1
│ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 1
│ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "HCD"
│ │ │ ├─ power ➡ [1e+08] [W]
│ │ │ └─ subsystem
│ │ │ ├─ 1
│ │ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 1
│ │ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "nbi"
│ │ │ │ └─ power ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ │ ├─ 2
│ │ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 2
│ │ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "ec_launchers"
│ │ │ │ └─ power ➡ [5e+07] [W]
│ │ │ ├─ 3
│ │ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 3
│ │ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "ic_antennas"
│ │ │ │ └─ power ➡ [5e+07] [W]
│ │ │ └─ 4
│ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 4
│ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "lh_antennas"
│ │ │ └─ power ➡ [0] [W]
│ │ ├─ 2
│ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 3
│ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "cryostat"
│ │ │ └─ power ➡ [3e+07] [W]
│ │ ├─ 3
│ │ │ ├─ index ➡ 4
│ │ │ ├─ name ➡ "tritium_handling"
│ │ │ └─ power ➡ [1.5e+07] [W]
│ │ └─ 4
│ │ ├─ index ➡ 6
│ │ ├─ name ➡ "pf_active"
│ │ └─ power ➡ [0] [W]
│ └─ total_power ➡ [1.45e+08] [W]
├─ power_plant
│ ├─ heat_load
│ │ ├─ breeder ➡ [1.16269e+07] [W]
│ │ ├─ divertor ➡ [3.5968e+07] [W]
│ │ └─ wall ➡ [3.50485e+07] [W]
│ ├─ power_cycle_type ➡ "rankine"
│ ├─ power_electric_generated ➡ [1.8767e+07] [W]
│ └─ total_heat_supplied ➡ [8.26434e+07] [W]
├─ thermal_efficiency_plant ➡ [0.227084]
└─ time ➡ [0] [s]
ActorCosting will break down the capital and operational costs
FUSE.ActorCosting(dd, act)
plot(dd.costing)
Let's checkpoint our results
@checkin :manual dd ini actWhole facility design
Here we restore the :init checkpoint that we had previously stored. Resetting any changes to dd, ini, and act that we did in the meantime.
@checkout :init dd ini actActors can call other actors, creating workflows. For example, the ActorWholeFacility can be used to to get a self-consistent stationary whole facility design.
FUSE.ActorWholeFacility(dd, act);actors: WholeFacility
actors: PFdesign
actors: StationaryPlasma
actors: --------------- 1/5
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 1/5 @ 596.40%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 2/5 @ 539.15%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 3/5 @ 594.60%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 4/5 @ 525.79%
actors: HCD
actors: SimpleEC
actors: SimpleIC
actors: NeutralFueling
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: CoreTransport
actors: FluxMatcher
actors: Pedestal
actors: EPED
actors: FluxCalculator
actors: TGLF
actors: Neoclassical
actors: Current
actors: QED
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: --------------- 5/5 @ 229.33%
┌ Warning: Max number of iterations (5) has been reached with convergence error of (1)[0.298, 0.27, 0.297, 0.263, 0.115](5) compared to threshold of 0.05
└ @ FUSE ~/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/actors/compound/stationary_plasma_actor.jl:207
actors: HFSsizing
actors: FluxSwing
actors: Stresses
actors: LFSsizing
actors: CXbuild
actors: PFdesign
actors: Equilibrium
actors: TEQUILA
actors: CXbuild
actors: Neutronics
actors: Blanket
actors: CXbuild
actors: PassiveStructures
actors: Divertors
actors: PlasmaLimits
actors: VerticalStability
actors: TroyonBetaNN
┌ Warning: act.ActorPlasmaLimits.models = [:vertical_stability, :beta_troyon_nn, :q95_gt_2, :gw_density, :κ_controllability]
│
│ Some stability rules exceed their limit threshold:
│ 217% of: βn < BetaTroyonNN n=1
│ 14022% of: βn < BetaTroyonNN n=3
│
│ Some stability rules satisfy their limit threshold:
│ 33% of: Vertical stability margin > 0.15 for stability
│ 24% of: Normalized vertical growth rate < 10 for stability
│ 27% of: βn < BetaTroyonNN n=2
│ 33% of: q(rho=0.95) > 2.0
│ 64% of: greenwald_fraction < 1.0
│ 82% of: elongation < IMAS.elongation_limit
└ @ FUSE ~/work/FUSE.jl/FUSE.jl/src/actors/stability/limits_actor.jl:92
actors: BalanceOfPlant
actors: ThermalPlant
actors: PowerNeeds
actors: Costing
actors: CostingARIESLet's check what we got at a glance with the FUSE.digest(dd) function:
FUSE.digest(dd)Like before we can checkpoint results for later use
@checkin :awf dd ini actGetting into the weeds
Saving and loading data
tutorial_temp_dir = tempdir()
filename = joinpath(tutorial_temp_dir, "$(ini.general.casename).json")"/tmp/K-DEMO.json"When saving data to be shared outside of FUSE, one can set freeze=true so that all expressions in the dd are evaluated and saved to file.
IMAS.imas2json(dd, filename; freeze=false, strict=false);Load from JSON
dd1 = IMAS.json2imas(filename);Exploring the data dictionary
- FUSE stores data following the IMAS data schema.
- The root of the data structure is
dd, which stands for "Data Dictionary". - More details are available in the documentation.
Display part of the equilibrium data in dd
dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].boundaryboundary
├─ elongation ➡ 1.999
├─ elongation_lower ➡ Function
├─ elongation_upper ➡ Function
├─ geometric_axis
│ ├─ r ➡ 6.49987 [m]
│ └─ z ➡ 0.0124918 [m]
├─ minor_radius ➡ 2.00734 [m]
├─ outline
│ ├─ r ➡ 243-element Vector{Float64} [m]
│ │ min:4.52 avg:6.25 max:8.48
│ └─ z ➡ 243-element Vector{Float64} [m]
│ min:-4.11 avg:-0.0571 max:3.9
├─ ovality ➡ 0.00572603
├─ psi ➡ -1.05936 [Wb]
├─ squareness ➡ -0.0135544
├─ squareness_lower_inner ➡ Function
├─ squareness_lower_outer ➡ Function
├─ squareness_upper_inner ➡ Function
├─ squareness_upper_outer ➡ Function
├─ strike_point
│ ├─ 1
│ │ ├─ last_closed_flux_surface_gap ➡ 2.43871e-09 [m]
│ │ ├─ r ➡ 4.21188 [m]
│ │ └─ z ➡ -4.51126 [m]
│ └─ 2
│ ├─ last_closed_flux_surface_gap ➡ 2.43871e-09 [m]
│ ├─ r ➡ 5.50793 [m]
│ └─ z ➡ -5.08242 [m]
├─ tilt ➡ -0.00162958
├─ triangularity ➡ 0.587596
├─ triangularity_lower ➡ Function
├─ triangularity_upper ➡ Function
├─ twist ➡ 0.00165424
└─ x_point
├─ 1
│ ├─ r ➡ 5.10903 [m]
│ └─ z ➡ -4.11259 [m]
└─ 2
├─ r ➡ 4.87077 [m]
└─ z ➡ 4.34806 [m]
this can be done up to a certain depth with print_tree
print_tree(dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].boundary; maxdepth=1)boundary
├─ elongation ➡ 1.999
├─ elongation_lower ➡ Function
├─ elongation_upper ➡ Function
├─ geometric_axis
│ ⋮
│
├─ minor_radius ➡ 2.00734 [m]
├─ outline
│ ⋮
│
├─ ovality ➡ 0.00572603
├─ psi ➡ -1.05936 [Wb]
├─ squareness ➡ -0.0135544
├─ squareness_lower_inner ➡ Function
├─ squareness_lower_outer ➡ Function
├─ squareness_upper_inner ➡ Function
├─ squareness_upper_outer ➡ Function
├─ strike_point
│ ⋮
│
├─ tilt ➡ -0.00162958
├─ triangularity ➡ 0.587596
├─ triangularity_lower ➡ Function
├─ triangularity_upper ➡ Function
├─ twist ➡ 0.00165424
└─ x_point
⋮Plotting data from dd
FUSE uses Plots.jl recipes for visualizing data from dd.
This allows different plots to be shown when calling plot() on different items in the data structure.
Learn more about Plots.jl here
For example plotting the equilibrium...
plot(dd.equilibrium)
...or the core profiles
plot(dd.core_profiles)
Whant to know what arguments can be passed? use help_plot() function
help_plot(dd.equilibrium; core_profiles_overlay=true, levels_in=21, levels_out=5, show_secondary_separatrix=true, coordinate=:rho_tor_norm)
These plots can be composed by calling plot!() instead of plot()
plot(dd.equilibrium; color=:gray, cx=true)
plot!(dd.build.layer)
plot!(dd.pf_active)
plot!(dd.pf_passive)
plot!(dd.pulse_schedule.position_control; color=:red)
Plotting an array...
plot(dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1].pressure_thermal)
...is different from plotting a field from the IDS (which plots the quantity against its coordinate and with units)
plot(dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1], :pressure_thermal)
Customizing plot attributes:
plot(dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1], :pressure_thermal; label="", linewidth=2, color=:red, labelfontsize=25)
Use findall(ids, r"...") to search for certain fields. In Julia, string starting with r are regular expressions.
findall(dd, r"\.psi")[1] dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1].grid.psi_norm [101-element Vector{Float64}] (min:0, avg:0.333, max:1)
[2] dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1].grid.psi [Wb] [101-element Vector{Float64}] (min:-43.1, avg:-29, max:-0.721)
[3] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].boundary.psi [Wb] [Float64] (all:-1.06)
[4] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].boundary_separatrix.psi [Wb] [Float64] (all:-1.06)
[5] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].global_quantities.psi_boundary [Wb] [Float64] (all:-1.06)
[6] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].global_quantities.psi_axis [Wb] [Float64] (all:-46)
[7] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].profiles_1d.psi_norm [129-element Vector{Float64}] (min:0, avg:0.5, max:1)
[8] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].profiles_1d.psi [Wb] [129-element Vector{Float64}] (min:-46, avg:-23.5, max:-1.06)
[9] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].profiles_2d[1].psi [Wb] [31×13 Matrix{Float64}] (min:-0.038, avg:0.672, max:6.52)
[10] dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1].profiles_2d[2].psi [Wb] [66×129 Matrix{Float64}] (min:-75.6, avg:19.6, max:184)
findall(ids, r"...") can be combined with plot() to plot multiple fields
plot(findall(dd, r"\.psi"))
Working with time series
The IMAS data structure supports time-dependent data, and IMAS.jl provides ways to handle time data efficiently.
Each dd has a global_time attribute, which is used throughout FUSE and IMAS to indicate the time at which things should be operate.
dd.global_time0.0For the sake of demonstrating handling of time, let's add a new time_slice to the equilibrium.
NOTE: in addition to the usual resize!(ids, n::Int), time dependent arrays of structures can be resized with:
resize!(ids)which will add a time-slice at the current global time (this is what you want to use in most cases)resize!(ids, time0)which will add a time-slice attime0seconds
resize the time dependent array of structure
resize!(dd.equilibrium.time_slice, 1.0);let's just populate it with the data from the previous time slice
dd.equilibrium.time_slice[2] = deepcopy(dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1]);
dd.equilibrium.time_slice[2].time = 1.01.0Here we see that equilibrium has mulitiple time_slices
dd.equilibrium.time2-element Vector{Float64}:
0.0
1.0We can access time-dependent arrays of structures via integer index...
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[2]
eqt.time1.0...or at a given time, by passing the time as a floating point number (in seconds)
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1.0]
eqt.time1.0NOTE: If we ask a time that is not exactly in the arrays of structures, we'll get the closest (causal!) time-slice
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[0.9]
eqt.time
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[1.1]
eqt.time1.0... or at the current dd.global_time by leaving the square brackets empty []
NOTE: using [] is what you want to use in most situations that involve time-dependent arrays of structures!
dd.global_time = 0.0
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[]
eqt.time
dd.global_time = 1.0
eqt = dd.equilibrium.time_slice[]
eqt.time1.0What we described above was for time-dependent arrays of structures.
The other place where time comes in, is when dealing with time-dependent arrays of data.
In this case, we can use the @ddtime macro to manipulate these time-dependent arrays at dd.global_time.
NOTE: Also in this case, @ddtime will operate on the closest (causal!) time point
dd.equilibrium.vacuum_toroidal_field.b0
dd.global_time = 1.0
@ddtime(dd.equilibrium.vacuum_toroidal_field.b0 = 10.0)
dd.equilibrium.vacuum_toroidal_field.b0
dd.global_time = 0.0
@ddtime(dd.equilibrium.vacuum_toroidal_field.b0)
dd.global_time = 1.0
@ddtime(dd.equilibrium.vacuum_toroidal_field.b0)10.0Expressions in dd
Some fields in the data dictionary are expressions (ie. Functions). For example dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[].pressure is dynamically calculated as the product of thermal densities and temperature with addition of fast ions contributions
dd.global_time = 0.0
print_tree(dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[]; maxdepth=1)1
├─ conductivity_parallel ➡ Function [ohm^-1.m^-1]
├─ electrons
│ ⋮
│
├─ grid
│ ⋮
│
├─ ion
│ ⋮
│
├─ j_bootstrap ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:1.91 avg:1.62e+05 max:8.26e+05
├─ j_non_inductive ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:5.35e+03 avg:2.75e+05 max:8.89e+05
├─ j_ohmic ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:1.24e+03 avg:3.13e+05 max:5.59e+05
├─ j_tor ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:8.35e+03 avg:5.7e+05 max:1.24e+06
├─ j_total ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:9.21e+03 avg:5.88e+05 max:1.26e+06
├─ neutral
│ ⋮
│
├─ pressure ➡ Function [Pa]
├─ pressure_ion_total ➡ Function [Pa]
├─ pressure_parallel ➡ Function [Pa]
├─ pressure_perpendicular ➡ Function [Pa]
├─ pressure_thermal ➡ Function [Pa]
├─ rotation_frequency_tor_sonic ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [s^-1]
│ all:0
├─ t_i_average ➡ Function [eV]
├─ time ➡ 0 [s]
└─ zeff ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64}
all:2accessing a dynamic expression, automatically evaluates it
dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[].conductivity_parallel101-element Vector{Float64}:
3.054550348590664e7
3.0617046162530303e7
3.0833181710601546e7
3.1195869474814136e7
3.1709084168404687e7
3.2378789285198875e7
3.3212953621599067e7
3.422160229102848e7
3.541688855120062e7
3.681317481147826e7
⋮
1.1995978246646838e8
1.1271209820678781e8
1.0096352747354434e8
8.362504716107802e7
6.167624313815394e7
3.910658277401e7
2.0667847997713033e7
8.185232329764821e6
500752.78818643076In addition to evaluating expressions by accessing them, expressions in the tree can be evaluated using IMAS.freeze(ids)
NOTE: IMAS.freeze(ids, field::Symbol) works on a single field and IMAS.refreeze!(ids, field) forces re-evaluation of an expression. Also, IMAS.empty!(ids, field::Symbol) can be used to revert a frozen field back into an expression.
print_tree(IMAS.freeze(dd.core_profiles.profiles_1d[1]); maxdepth=1)profiles_1d [DETACHED]
├─ conductivity_parallel ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [ohm^-1.m^-1]
│ min:5.01e+05 avg:1.64e+08 max:3.06e+08
├─ electrons
│ ⋮
│
├─ grid
│ ⋮
│
├─ ion
│ ⋮
│
├─ j_bootstrap ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:1.91 avg:1.62e+05 max:8.26e+05
├─ j_non_inductive ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:5.35e+03 avg:2.75e+05 max:8.89e+05
├─ j_ohmic ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:1.24e+03 avg:3.13e+05 max:5.59e+05
├─ j_tor ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:8.35e+03 avg:5.7e+05 max:1.24e+06
├─ j_total ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [A/m^2]
│ min:9.21e+03 avg:5.88e+05 max:1.26e+06
├─ neutral
│ ⋮
│
├─ pressure ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [Pa]
│ min:321 avg:1.16e+05 max:1.99e+05
├─ pressure_ion_total ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [Pa]
│ min:150 avg:5.09e+04 max:7.97e+04
├─ pressure_parallel ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [Pa]
│ min:107 avg:3.86e+04 max:6.63e+04
├─ pressure_perpendicular ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [Pa]
│ min:107 avg:3.86e+04 max:6.63e+04
├─ pressure_thermal ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [Pa]
│ min:321 avg:1.16e+05 max:1.99e+05
├─ rotation_frequency_tor_sonic ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [s^-1]
│ all:0
├─ t_i_average ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64} [eV]
│ min:67.1 avg:5.18e+03 max:7.44e+03
├─ time ➡ 0 [s]
└─ zeff ➡ 101-element Vector{Float64}
all:2Comparing two IDSs
We can introduce a change in the dd1 and spot it with the diff function
dd1.equilibrium.time_slice[1].time = -100.0
IMAS.diff(dd.equilibrium, dd1.equilibrium)Dict{String, String} with 3 entries:
"time" => "length: 2 -- 1"
"vacuum_toroidal_field.b0" => "length: 2 -- 1"
"time_slice" => "length: 2 -- 1"Summary
Snapshot of dd in 0D quantities (evaluated at dd.global_time).
Extract + plots saved to PDF (printed to screen if filename is omitted). NOTE: For PDF creation to work, one may need to install of DejaVu Sans Mono font.
filename = joinpath(tutorial_temp_dir, "$(ini.general.casename).pdf")
display(filename)
FUSE.digest(dd)#, filename)GEOMETRY EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES
──────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────────────── ────────────────────────────────────
R0 → 6.5 [m] B0 → 7.8 [T] Te0 → 1.21 [keV]
a → 2.01 [m] ip → 12.7 [MA] Ti0 → 1.76 [keV]
1/ϵ → 3.24 q95 → 6.14 <Te> → 6.68 [keV]
κ → 2 <Bpol> → 0.801 [T] <Ti> → 5.85 [keV]
δ → 0.588 βpol_MHD → 0.507 Te0/<Te> → 0.181
ζ → -0.0136 βtor_MHD → 0.0056 Ti0/<Ti> → 0.302
Volume → 925 [m³] βn_MHD → 0.681
Surface → 754 [m²]
DENSITIES PRESSURES TRANSPORT
──────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────────────── ────────────────────────────────────
ne0 → 4.08e+19 [m⁻³] P0 → 0.0182 [MPa] τe → 2.06 [s]
ne_ped → 6.21e+19 [m⁻³] <P> → 0.136 [MPa] τe_exp → 1.63 [s]
ne_line → 6.41e+19 [m⁻³] P0/<P> → 0.134 H98y2 → 0.691
<ne> → 6.73e+19 [m⁻³] βn → 0.693 H98y2_exp → 0.643
ne0/<ne> → 0.607 βn_th → 0.693 Hds03 → 0.529
fGW → 0.639 Hds03_exp → 0.476
zeff_ped → 2 τα_thermalization → 0.0941 [s]
<zeff> → 2 τα_slowing_down → 0.0419 [s]
impurities → DT Ne20 He4
SOURCES EXHAUST CURRENTS
──────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────────────── ────────────────────────────────────
Pec → 50 [MW] Psol → 92.1 [MW] ip_bs_aux_ohm → 13 [MA]
rho0_ec → 0.61 [MW] PLH → 123 [MW] ip_ni → 5.1 [MA]
Pnbi → NaN [MW] Bpol_omp → 0.905 [T] ip_bs → 3.67 [MA]
Enbi1 → NaN [MeV] λq → 1.18 [mm] ip_aux → 1.43 [MA]
Pic → 50 [MW] qpol → 1.46e+03 [MW/m²] ip_ohm → 7.88 [MA]
Plh → NaN [MW] qpar → 9.76e+03 [MW/m²] ejima → 0.4
Paux_tot → 100 [MW] P/R0 → 14.2 [MW/m] flattop → 0.7 [Hours]
Pα → 15.6 [MW] PB/R0 → 111 [MW T/m]
Pohm → 0.95 [MW] PBp/R0 → 11.3 [MW T/m]
Pheat → 117 [MW] PBϵ/R0q95 → 5.56 [MW T/m]
Prad_tot → -24.4 [MW] neutrons_peak → 0.0894 [MW/m²]
BOP BUILD COSTING
──────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────────────── ────────────────────────────────────
Pfusion → 77.9 [MW] PF_material → nb3sn capital_cost → 7.1 [$B]
Qfusion → 0.779 TF_material → nb3sn_kdemo levelized_CoE → Inf [$/kWh]
thermal_cycle_type → rankine OH_material → nb3sn TF_of_total → 14.9 [%]
thermal_efficiency_plant → 22.9 [%] TF_max_b → 15.4 [T] BOP_of_total → 1.59 [%]
thermal_efficiency_cycle → NaN [%] OH_max_b → 16.2 [T] blanket_of_total → 19.6 [%]
power_electric_generated → 16.6 [MW] TF_j_margin → 6.25 cryostat_of_total → 2.83 [%]
Pelectric_net → -128 [MW] OH_j_margin → 1.4
Qplant → 0.115 TF_stress_margin → 3.09
TBR → 0.0656 OH_stress_margin → 1.2
@ time = 0.0 [s]
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